towards Vietnam Free Essays

In 1961, under the President-ship of Kennedy, America took the middle path as considered to be the most conducive policy to solve crises in Vietnam. This middle path included sending of machinery and advisors instead of large-scale troops as was suggested in White Paper or as was being recommended by his advocators on a negotiation table. This decision proved futile as it accorded the increase in the chances of success of NLF. We will write a custom essay sample on towards Vietnam or any similar topic only for you Order Now As more and more news began to pour in, tension arose in Kennedy’s government machinery and they escalated upon a plan of providing â€Å"Safe Hamlets† to the villagers developed by GVN. The main purpose was to segregate them from NLF, but this strategy too did not head to in any direction, as this resulted in alienating villagers further from the Saigon regime. This policy though helped GVN in reaching countryside yet ironically produced more cadres for the NLF. The years of war between 1963- 1968 in Vietnam were considered to be the years of Escalation and Americanization. In 1963, as NLF was heading towards victory, Diem’s brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, attacked Buddhist pagodas of South Vietnam; this resulted in massive protests on the streets of Saigon, and several Buddhist monks committed self-immolation. This made Kennedy to send in coup in the same year. But some of the Diem’s own generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) approached Kennedy seeking request to overthrow Diem and on 1st November 1963, Deim and his brother was arrested and then later killed. But after three weeks, President Kennedy too was assassinated at Dallas. At the time of his assassination, there were 16,000 advisors. Though Kennedy’s policy was not much successful yet he was able to continue his war with very little military intervention, but as soon as new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson took over, his conviction and policy made him to show world, the military might of America. He took the firm stand and urged for attaining more powers after the raid of DAV on two of US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin shook him. But looking at the strategies being adopted by Communists parties creating hindrances in the war as well as in the political efforts of United States, the Johnson administration too advocated what they termed as â€Å"cold blood† strategy- a war but with very little resources and little effect on their own nation. But this also proved futile, as this war created an adverse effect on their domestic front to the extent that Mr. Johnson was forced to think on the domestic consequences of his every major decision. In 1964, Washington had made all the plans to send all military strengths as retaliation to Tonkin Gulf incident. By 1968, situation became worse when DRV and the NLF led unified attacks on the most important southern cities, which were known as Tet offensive in the West; its main purpose was to coax Johnson to sit on for negotiations. Though communists were defeated in battle yet it was psychological victory for them. As Johnson was totally burdened by the heavy weight of war and secondly opposition from his home front made him take a decision that made all the exercises of previous Presidents futile. He decided not to support re-nomination of Democratic Party for president and was ready to go in for negotiations with communists to put an end to war. In 1968, secret negotiations were started to end the war but soon Republican challenger Nixon took over the charge of President-ship who professed to have a secret plan to put an end to war. But this secret plan was nothing else then the strategic moves of Lyndon Johnson. He began what was termed as process of â€Å"Vietnamization† to bring to the ears of his own force that no Vietnamese was fighting in jungles of Southeast Asia and dying there. This made the substitution of air wars over the American troops who returned home. Nixon increased the air attacks over DRV and for ground battle sent, ARVN. He also attacked Laus and Cambodia to put a barrier and an end to the communists supply routes and their safe sanctuaries. This was violation of the international rights of these countries. The air war had a little or no effect on Communists, but they continued with their efforts to make more and more demands in Paris. Though Nixon’s approach made critics quite but his repeated attacks as a protective cover for the retreat of American troops irritated U. S citizens and paved the path for the U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and DRV representatives Xuan Thuy and Le Duc to think on peaceful lines of Paris. Many owe the strategic failure to President Lyndon Johnson’s policies, as it was during his tenure that America saw most of casualties. But according to Jeffrey Kimball, President Nixon was responsible for these states of affairs. He wrote in his much thought provoking book â€Å"Nixon’s Vietnam War 1998†, that President Nixon must be held, responsible and accountable, for the failure. It was quite true that America made wrong assessment of the strong folds of North Vietnamese in their soil and tried to resolve the problem with military strength, which was in itself a wrong move. Kimball argued that when Nixon took over the office, he was aware of the fact that this war could not be won militarily yet he resorted for war because only by showing their might, they could force Hanoi into negotiations favorable to Nixon’s view of honorable peace. His statement was based on the United States interest at the international level and on owing to his reelection. 4 Accordingly they wanted to endorse the President-ship of Thieu. This device was a strategy to take America out of Vietnam on certain terms, but there were many uncertain in-linking parts like risk from China, several schemes of negotiations, effect on societies and Vietnamization etc, and all did not prove to be as effective as was supposed to be. He believed his political success to be based on the mad man theory: the efforts to make his enemies think that his opposition for communism was so strong that he could go to any extent like put in maximum force that would not only be accordingly disproportionate in size but also extremely dangerous. 5 Along with this, there was certain element of uncertainty, a policy forcing enemies to think on multitude lines on one subject to confuse them. The years, 1962 to1969 were the years of great dissatisfaction and American’s strategic misnomers on the Vietnam soils. Vietnam passing through the strategic influence of three American regimes only retaliated harsher. Though the Nixon policy also could not be considered as full success yet his strategy at least paved the path for both himself and Kissinger think that the best they could have done was to promise Thieu government a â€Å"decent interval† 6 of security once Americans would leave Vietnam. Bibliography Brigham, Robert, Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History, PBS. org. , http://www. pbs. org/battlefieldvietnam/history/index. html (1 March 2008) Daum, Andreas Gardner, Lloyd and Mausbach, Wilfried, America, the Vietnam War, and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Kimball, Jeffrey, Nixon’s Vietnam War 1998, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998. How to cite towards Vietnam, Papers

Growth And Financial Performance Of Electric-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Growth And Financial Performance Of Electric? Answer: Introducation The bakery business is the kind of business in which the baker uses certain ingredients and applies some methods to get some yummy eatables for the consumers. Most of the bakery products are perishable in nature, and involves use of special ingredients. Over the years there have been huge improvements in the bakery business since then. Many technological innovations have took place and that have made the business more bigger and the bakers are not only restricted to small shops or kiosks anymore. They provide a lot of other services to the consumers that includes dinning in and caf services. The revenue of these bakeries runs into millions and there are many institutes around the world that teaches bakery professionally, many students see this as an excellent career options. So the face of the baking business has changed a lot over the years. From small shops they have changed into big business houses that provide multiple services to their consumers. In this case study we will study about the B bakery firm that had its revenues running into millions, and the overall employee count was 70. However the business was facing low times, because the demand of the consumers is changing. They want more of healthy products and that is different from the regular baking products(Abbott Kantor, 2017). So the company wants to introduce some changes in this system and the company wants to get new accounting software that will help them in management of the data. The bakery industry is a developing one and there are many changes are occurring. Few of the processes that are very much required in the baking industry are, procurement of the fresh and right ingredients. Most of the ingredients that are used are to be used within a short time frame otherwise they will became non useable. Hence it is important to effectively research the market and than get the right ingredient . Cost cutting is also important to makes sure that there no unwanted wastage because of the same. This is again an important phenomenon in the baking industry. Other important methods include automation of manual services that will help in saving a lot of time and efforts. As we know that the baking business includes a lot of man power so that might lead to increased cost and often cause errors in the system. So to avoid the same it is important to make sure that automation is introduced in the system that will help in reduction of these errors and help in saving a lot of cost(Alexander, 2016). Another important method includes that they maintain high sa les volume, which means that they must make sure that there every day sales is at par, because the baking products are highly perishable. If the consumers do not consume them within a particular time frame then there will be wastage. Hence anticipation of sales is very important. It is necessary to understand how much sales is to occur each day, and that will help in reducing wastage. We also see that with the increase in competition, brand promotion and marketing have become a very important part of so many industries. The baking business is evolving. People are looking for healthy alternatives. Hence it is important that they must be innovation and changes in the present scenario. Companies must do ample research to make sure that they are able to introduce such products in their menu that will attract customers. It will also give them an edge over others and will help them in maintaining a strong business base. These are few of the methods that every baker needs to perform in tod ays time(Arnott, et al., 2017). Important methods in the baking industry are- Automation of services- This will help in solving a lot of issues. It will help in getting the tedious work completed within time and will help in saving a lot of time. It will help in making the business more efficient and error free. People will realize what kind of issues might exist in the system, and employing accounting software will help them in getting a clear picture of the entire scenario. Thus it is highly recommended to infuse technology in the traditional baking methods and make it more efficient. Maintaining high volume of sales- It si very important to anticipate the total amount of sales and make the business function the same way. It is important to make sure that the company is able to produce that much products that are needed and avoid any kind of wastage(Belton, 2017). Most of the bakery goods are highly perishable and must be consumed within a time frame of one or two days , thus it is important that the companies do their analysis before producing these goods and that will help a lot in reducing high amount of wastage. Promotion and brand marketing Another important feature of the bakery business is that there must be effective amount of promotion and brand marketing. There is so much competition in this market and hence companies are required to plan and develop a proper marketing plan that will help them in getting an edge over their competitors. It will also help them in better brand value creation. This is an important aspect of branding and promotion that it helps in getting the customers aware about the various products that are there in the market(Belton, 2017). It will also help in bringing any innovation in the already exisisting methods, as competition increases each will try to out do one another. These are few of the methods that the companies want to employ by using the new accounting software and want some specific results that will help in the overall development of the business(Bromwich Scapens, 2016). The main outcomes that the company wants out of all these processes is that they will help in all round development of the company and help them in getting an edge over their competitors. It is also help in cost optimization and help in saving a lot of wastage that might occur otherwise. It will also help in developing the company by bringing in new technological changes. In this twenty first century it has become a very important part of the company to be technologically advanced as it will help them in saving time resources and bringing better changes in the already existing system. The other outcomes that the company wants from the new system is that there must be a system that will help them recognize the small errors and bugs and help them to remove it. It will also in improving the overall efficiency of the employees(Dichev, 2017). The company will be benefited a lot if they go for effective brand promotion. They can appoint an expert also that they can help them in this matter . Brand promotion is very important it will help them in improving the total amount of sales. It will help them in beating their customers. The customers will be aware about the products so that in turn will help in improving the total amount of sales of the company. These are few of the methods that will help the company in developing an growing(Guragai, et al., 2017). The B bakery business is suffering losses and is looking for alternatives that might help them in growing and getting an edge over their competitors so the company can achieve the same by installing a good accounting software package. That package must be within the budget of the company and will help the company in removing its discrepancies and ensuring all round development and growth. There are so many accounting software packages in the market. Each software have their own type of feature and characters. Few of the most important features that the company wants the accounting software to have are Customization- The accounting software should be such that they must be able to be customized as per the needs of the company. The demands of every company are different, there processes are different, so the software sometimes must be customized as per the needs of the management. The company needs to do proper research in the market needs to make sure that they choose the correct product that are suiting their needs. They must try to go for such vendors that provide them with these basic facilities. Adaptability- There are so many software packages in the market, some are high ERP based that are suited to the needs of the company that have high demands and some are small ranged ERP packages that are suited to medium ranged companies. Every company has their own needs and demand and thus they need to go for such software package that is suited to their overall needs and demands. Thus adaption is an important criterion. The packages must be easy to use and the employees must be able to understand how to use them. Thus the companies should do proper research before going for these packages and then select that package that is suitable to their needs and business(Hall Rapanotti, 2017). Interoperability- It is important that companies must go for such software package such that is able to satisfy the needs of the company. There are various departments in the company like sales, HR, marketing department, production etc. It is therefore important to have such software package that can be easily used in all the departments and they must be able to seamlessly get into the business of the company. It wont be easy for the company to get different software package for different departments, thus it is important to get such package that is able to satisfy the needs of all the departments of the company. Cost effective- The companies should go for that packages that are cost effective. They must be within the budget of the company, and should be such that provides long term service to the company and can be used for a long time. This is one of the most important features; for this company needs to make sure that the company does proper market research and then selects the best package that is as per their needs. Security- It is one of the most important features that the software packages must have. The companies are using this software packages to store their most important and confidential data. It is important to have proper security and there must be proper antivirus and other measures that must be employed to make sure that the company is keeping the data safe. These are the most important methods that the company must employ. The company must make sure that the vendor is providing them with proper security and thus there must be proper updating in this matter(Kew Stredwick, 2017). This will help them in keeping the business safe and will also make sure that important data is not losing of the company. These are the few features of the software package that the company must have and hence make sure that the accounting software must be very stable and easy to use of the business. It will help them in making the business better and will help them in doing well in the long run. There are so many businesses accounting software in the market. Each has their own features and characteristics. On doing the market research the best of this accounting software were SAP, MYOB, and XERO. SAP is one of the most expensive accounting software and is mostly used in large multinational companies. This is used for maintaining high volumes of data and it will help them in managing the different departments of the company. It can be easily customized and have different features that can help the company in management of all the resources. MYOB is the medium ranged software package that will help them in managing small volume of data and is mostly used in medium range of business. These have many features that can help the company in the long run and will help the company to manage their business effectively(Linden Freeman, 2017). XERO is the kind of software that can be used in managing huge amount of inventory and specially used in managing inventory. This is the mostly used to manage inventories and specializes in that department. It is suited for those companies in which there are large amount of inventories to be managed. Hence they are very department specific and cann ot be used by the companies for the overall growth and development. There are many other software packages also in the market but out of all of them these three are the best package that can suit the needs of the company. After considering the overall scenario it can be said that the best software that is suited to the overall needs of the company is MYOB. The company is a growing business and they do not have that much amount of data to maintain, once the business improves the company can go for high end ERP Packages that will help the company in all over development. This is why the company must go for the MYOB software it will help the company in the long run and will also be cost effective. The company has incurred huge losses hence for now it would be better if the company goes for normal ranged software package that might provide them with all round services and development(Trieu, 2017). There are so many accounting software in the market and each of them have their share of features and characters. The major differences between these software packages have been stated below in brief- SAP MYOB SAP is used to manage large amount of data and is mostly suited to satisfy the needs of big multinational companies. These are high end ERP Packages that are found in the market and are one of the best in the business. The key features of this accounting software includes that it helps in easy procurement of the raw material and effectively manage the same. It helps in providing better management to the human resources of the company. It helps in providing quality assistance to the company and its peers. It also helps in effective management of the logistics of the company and helps the management in making a mark in the company. It is mostly suited for large multinational companies and provides all round development to the company and its peers. Companies that are small and medium ranged finds it difficult to use such kind of software for their business as they cannot afford it. There are large amount of technicalities involved in the same and the employees need to be properly trained before they are able to use it. It can be easily customized as per the needs of the management and that will help in the development of the company and they can use the same as per the demands. Over all it is one of the best accounting software packages that is available in the market. And once the business of the company improves they must switch to such kind of software packages, that provide them long term growth and overall development(Venezia, 2017) MYOB is a medium ranged software package that is usually used in small companies and average firms. The software is mostly used by the company to manage medium amount of data and provide an all round development to the company and its peers. They key features of this accounting software includes that it will help in the overall development of the company as it can be easily used by all the departments. It provides easy access of data to the employees no matter where they are at the discretion of the management, thus they will help in maintaining proper data security. Other features includes that the contract with the vendor can easily be cancelled in case the company wants to use some other accounting packages. It helps in maintain flow of work within all the departments. It is very easy to use and the companies do not require to train their staff intensively. The company can easily switch to high end software packages when the business of the company expands, as of now MYOB is the best package as it provides all round services. It is easy to use, can be customized , helps in maintain interoperability between the departments and the most important feature is that it will help in automation of the entire work. The overall life of the software package is also good and when needed the companies can make the required switch that will help in their overall growth and development(Auken, 2016) Keeping in view the needs and demands of the company, and considering all the options that the company has in the present, it would be better if the company does not huge amount of money in these software packages and goes for normal ranged software packages that would help in their all round development and growth(Visinescu, et al., 2017). The company needs to select such software package that will be cost effective and also that will not suffice the overall demands. The B bakery business is growing, they want to expand into new field and since the company is incurring losses they do not have that much resources that all the demands can be fulfilled easily. So the company for now must spend in software packages that are cost effective. The specific needs of the company are- They need such software package that can be easily used by all the departments of the company, there must be interoperability and seamless data transfer from one department to the other They must choose such package that provides them with long term services and whose selg life is high so that the company does not need to make the switch very early. The company is in the growing stage they are venturing into new products and are considering new options for their menu, in that case they need packages that can help them in the same. They require such package that provides them with full automation of services and in which there is reduction in the total amount of cost that the company needs to incur and the overall scenario must be such that it helps in easy identification of bugs. Considering all the above demands of the company it can be said that MYOB is the best accounting software for the company in present. It is very cost effective and once when the business of the company expands they can easily make the switch to high end packages like the SAP. MYOB had many different features that it will help in the overall development of the company as it can be easily used by all the departments(Werner, 2017). It provides easy access of data to the employees no matter where they are at the discretion of the management, thus they will help in maintaining proper data security. Other features includes that the contract with the vendor can easily be cancelled in case the company wants to use some other accounting packages. The B bakery is a growing company they have an anuual revenue of 1.7 million dollar and the total employee count is 70, so the company is a medium ranged company and they should do proper research and analysis before choosing the right software packa ge for their business. They can go for expert advice in case they feel that they are not able to decide themselves(Charlton, et al., 2017). They should research and consider choosing the best vendor that will provide them with all the benefits that they want for the business. The vendors must be such that they provide them with updation facility as and when required. Any bugs in the system must be removed and care must be taken to ensure that the entire system is secured and there are no loopholes in the management of the same. It has become very important in toadys time to infuse technology in work and thus choosing the right software package will help in deciding the entire flow of work of the company and its employees and will ensure that in the long run the company is able to recover its losses. These are the few important consideration ,that must go in selecting the right software package for the company and its various needs. This will help the B bakery company in recovering a ll its losses and also in launching the new product line that it wants(Ruggiero Lehkonen, 2017). References Abbott, M. Kantor, A., 2017. Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review. Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Arnott, D., Lizama, F. Song, Y., 2017. Patterns of business intelligence systems use in organizations. Decision Support Systems, Volume 97, pp. 58-68. Auken, S., 2016. Assessing the role of business faculty values and background in the recognition of an ethical dilemma. Journal of Education for Business, 91(4), pp. 211-218. Belton, P., 2017. Competitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Macat International ltd. Bromwich, M. Scapens, R., 2016. Management Accounting Research: 25 years on. Management Accounting Research, Volume 31, pp. 1-9. Charlton, P., Ilott, D., Borgeaud, R. Drew, M., 2017. Risky business: An example of what training load data can add to shared decision making in determining acceptable risk. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(6), pp. 526-527. Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632. Guragai, B., Hunt, N., Neri, M. Taylor, E., 2017. Accounting Information Systems and Ethics Research: Review, Synthesis, and the Future. Journal of Information Systems: Summer 2017, 31(2), pp. 65-81. Hall, J. Rapanotti, L., 2017. A design theory for software engineering. Information and Software Technology, Volume 87, pp. 46-61. Kew, J. Stredwick, J., 2017. Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context. second ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Linden, B. Freeman, R., 2017. Profit and Other Values: Thick Evaluation in Decision Making. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(3), pp. 353-379. Ruggiero, S. Lehkonen, H., 2017. Renewable energy growth and the financial performance of electric utilities: A panel data study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142(4), pp. 3676-3688. Trieu, V., 2017. Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, Volume 93, pp. 111-124. Venezia, I., 2017. Behavioral Finance: 'Where Do Investors'' Biases Come From?'. Singapore: WORLD SCIENTIFIC. Visinescu, L., Jones, M. Sidorova, A., 2017. Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), pp. 58-66. Werner, M., 2017. Financial process mining - Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Volume 25, pp. 57-80.

Deconstruction of Magazine Article Essay Example

Deconstruction of Magazine Article Essay Certain techniques of language and layout structures are often utilised in a variety of written media, such as magazines, books and newspapers, in order to manipulate the target audience’s opinions and beliefs. A journalist and their article’s motives can be deconstructed by considering five specific areas: the purpose and message of the article, the target audience and their susceptibility to persuasion, the language techniques being used, the bias of the article and lastly, the tone of the article and the audiences’ reactions. The article ‘Rainbows for Kate’, written by Di Webster (March 6th 2008, Marie Claire magazine), will be analysed for its construction within the boundaries of these areas. In order to persuade a certain group of people, a journalist must construct an article with a direct purpose and with a message. ‘Rainbows for Kate’ was written with the intent to inform readers of how friendship is very strong and is always with you when times get hard. The authors viewpoint is clear as every paragraph she talks about the meaning of life, love and friendship. This article is about how two friends come together from another mutual friend and discuss these three things. The ideal reader of this text would feel sympathy and understand why the writer would want to write this article. Instead of directing an article to the general public, a journalist must select a target demographic in order to successfully market the article and its ideas to a narrower, more specific group of people. ‘Rainbow for Kate’ was published in the middle of Marie Claire, spreading from page 102 – 106. We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of Magazine Article specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of Magazine Article specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of Magazine Article specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As it was published in Marie Claire, this indicates that the target demographic for the article is an older group of people. More specifically, the target audience includes ambitious, kind hearted adults aged 25 and above, who enjoy life and no matter what life throughs at them they will always keep positive and take it on and all it has to offer. The target demographic is also for an older person as they understand and can relate themselves to this article. They would be easily persuaded because everyone has had an experience with cancer, not necessarily themselves but a family member or a friend and would therefore be sympathetic. It is published in a respectable magazine with an informative and emotional tone; therefore they would not question the journalist’s article. If it were published in a different type of magazine with an alternative reputation, such as Cleo or Cosmopolitan, it would attract a different sort of audience and would also not be accepted so readily. It is the subject matter that appeals to the target demographic, rather than the language. The ideas introduced and discussed in the article, such as what is life all about, why do bad things happen to good people, is there a reason? All these topics interest the target audience. The layout of the article also assists in persuading the readers. The main picture, which spreads across two pages, is a colourful, very bright, has pictures of the friends and all the sketches of what the sass and bide collection is about. These pictures, paintings and clippings further enhance the title, which suggests that grieving in a colourful manner and using friendship as an inspiration is a great way to deal with a loss. In order to further persuade the target demographic, the journalist has incorporated several language techniques in order to convince the reader of just how genuine the friendship and love was in the article. In several sections of the article, quotes and things people did were included in the text. An example of this is when the husband of the lady that is dying says what he loved about his wife. The lady’s friend then goes on to back up his stories. Throughout the article the designer from sass and bide talks about how much she connected with the sick lady and how she cant stop thinking about what they discussed. However, not all techniques and aspects which construct an article are visible to the naked eye. One of the most commonly used techniques is the bias of one side, at the exclusion of another. The excluded opinions are often referred to as the gaps and silences, or silenced voices. In this article, the main excluded groups are the educational toys’ spokesperson or manufacturer, parents, users of educational products and also experts on the positives and negatives of the products’ use. While the article promotes attention and extended physical contact between parents and babies, it does not mention any negatives, or the possibility of giving too much attention. By not including these opinions and ideas or the positives of educational products, a strong biased is created. As there is only one side presented, readers often base their opinions on these facts and points, and do not resist what is being offered. However, not all techniques and aspects which construct an article are visible to the naked eye. One of the most commonly used techniques is the bias of one side, at the exclusion of another. The excluded opinions are often referred to as the gaps and silences, or silenced voices. In this article, there are no main groups excluded groups. All the necessary people to do with the story are mentioned. The text also does not mention any negatives. However, it would defeat the purpose of the article if there were but fortunately there are not any. In conclusion, many techniques and strategies are employed by journalists when writing and producing articles. Articles are written with a strong purpose, and are often written in order to manipulate the readers’ opinions. This can be done through bias, gaps and silences, the targeting of a specific demographic and also the tone it is written in. It is important to remain unaffected by the article, and to critically observe it through different viewpoints.

How to Obtain a Copy of a Social Security Application Form SS-5

How to Obtain a Copy of a Social Security Application Form SS-5 Once youve found your ancestor in the Social Security Death Index, you may want to request a copy of your ancestors original Social Security Application. An excellent record for genealogical information, the SS-5 is the application form used by an individual to enroll in the U.S. Social Security program. What Can I Learn From a Social Security Application (SS-5)? The SS-5, or Application for Social Security Number is a great resource for learning more about individuals who died after about 1960, and generally includes the following: Full nameFull name at birth, including maiden namePresent mailing addressAge at last birthdayDate of birthPlace of birth (city, county, state)Fathers full nameMothers full name, including maiden nameSexRace as indicated by the applicantWhether the applicant ever applied for Social Security or Railroad Retirement beforeCurrent employers name and addressDate signedApplicants signature Who is Eligible to Request a Copy of the SS-5? As long as a person is deceased, the Social Security Administration will provide a copy of this Form SS-5, Application for Social Security Number to anyone who makes a request under the Freedom of Information Act. They will also release this form to the registrant (the person who belongs to the Social Security Number) and to anyone who has a release-of-information statement signed by the person about whom the information is sought. To protect the privacy of living individuals, there are specific requirements for SS-5 requests involving extreme age. The SSA will not provide a copy of the SS-5 or otherwise release information about any person  who is under 120 years old unless you can provide  acceptable proof of death (e.g.,  death certificate, obituary, newspaper article, or police report).The SSA will also redact (black out) parents’ names on an SS-5 application unless you provide proof that the  parents are deceased or  both have a birth date more than 120 years ago. They will also release parents names  in cases where the number holder on the SS-5 is at least 100 years of age. This restriction is, unfortunately, a bit tricky when your purpose of requesting the SS-5 is to learn the names of the parents. How to Request a Copy of the SS-5 The easiest way to request a copy of the SS-5 form for your ancestor is to apply online through the Social Security Administration. A printable version of this SS-5 Application Form is also available for mail-in requests. Alternatively, you can send (1) the persons name, (2) the persons Social Security Number (if known), and (3) either evidence of death or a release-of-information statement signed by the person about whom the information is sought, to: Social Security AdministrationOEO FOIA Workgroup300 N. Greene StreetP.O. Box 33022Baltimore, Maryland 21290-3022 Mark both the envelope and its contents: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST or INFORMATION REQUEST.   There is a fee of  $27.00 regardless of if the  Social Security Number is known, and you must provide the persons full name, date and place of birth, and names of parents. If you have a Social Security Number from family records or a death certificate but are unable to locate the individual in the SSDI, then it is strongly suggested that you include proof of death with your application, as it will likely be returned to you otherwise with that request. If the individual was born less than 120 years ago, you also need to include proof of death with your request.   The usual wait time for receiving a copy of a Social Security Application Form is 6-8 weeks, so be prepared to be patient. Online applications are generally a bit quicker - often with a turnaround time of 3-4 weeks, although this may vary based on demand. Also, it is important to note that the online application system doesnt work if you need to provide proof of death.

Government and business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Government and business - Assignment Example come the first American state to enact a blanket EPR law, which covers all products, going a step ahead of other states which have product-specific laws. A section of manufacturing businesses are obviously opposed to the expanding ambit of the EPR laws, citing the resulting increase in the price of goods, which will ultimately be borne by the customer. However, proponents of the EPR laws argue that manufacturers will be encouraged to adopt new product design, incorporating greater longevity and recyclability. The laws also reduce the burden on the tax payer. Some companies have used compliance to EPR laws as an opportunity to establish their green credentials in a bid for consumer loyalty. A call from manufacturers for a uniform national policy on EPR is fully justified. Unbridled consumerism is undoubtedly a major factor in environmental degradation. The EPR laws will go a long way in goading manufacturers into incorporating easy, eco-friendly means of disposal into their product designs. The burden on landfills will be considerably reduced. The predicted higher costs of goods may be an asset in the long run, by forcing consumers to consider repairing goods for longer life instead of approaching any product as ‘disposable’ – at the tax payers’ expense! The EPR laws will be a definite asset in the battle against global warming. FOR seasoned shoppers, â€Å"buyer’s remorse† is a familiar feeling. â€Å"Seller’s remorse† may also become common soon, as ever more governments order manufacturers to assume the cost of disposing of their products after consumers are done with them. Until recently, most laws on â€Å"extended producer responsibility† (EPR) or â€Å"product stewardship† applied only to specific types of goods, such as car tyres or electronics. But in late March Maine, following the lead of several Canadian provinces, became the first American state to enact a blanket EPR law, which could in principle cover any product. Governments are eager to

Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Critique - Article Example In this study, qualitative approach was used to delve into how ethnicity may influence the academic experiences of Cambodian American students. Three groups of stakeholders were interviewed. These were students, their teachers, and school administrators (Tang & Kao, 2012). Although this research was significant in trying to delve on challenges facing the students, there was a slight problem in the period involved in carrying out the research. The period from September to January was not sufficient to come up with the conclusion of the study. Secondly, there is also lack of balance in carrying out this study. This is because only one district is involved to come out with a general conclusion reflecting on the Cambodian students (Tang & Kao, 2012). The research method used is crucial to such a sample used in the study. The other bias is on the side of the researchers. This is evident as they follow instruction from school administrators (Tang & Kao, 2012). The school administrators instructed the researcher to focus on four classrooms due to the high number of Cambodian students (Tang & Kao, 2012). There was a bias involved in this research. This is because only one district was used as a representative population. In addition, only the urban high schools were involved in this study while other local schools were not involved although there were Cambodian students attending such schools. However, the research only focused on one side hence the work is not fully credible. In this study, sufficient research was not carried. This is because the representative samples were not enough to qualify the outcome. In addition, the exact number of Cambodian students in each class could not be established. Furthermore, this article is not technically correct. This is due to attention that focused on 9th grade and left other from this research (Tang & Kao, 2012). The presentation was also minimal as evidenced by the sample size. A larger sample with regard to

Harmonization of International Commercial Law

Harmonization of International Commercial Law SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Introduction The international commercial law has grown and modified in twentieth century. Technological advances made international transactions easy and more efficient for the merchants to buy and sale across state borders. The move towards globalization comes with it several problems both for lawyers and legal systems. Outdated legal rules are obstacle to economic growth and technological development. Due to the economic demands there has always been a heavy tendency in international commercial law to uniform and harmonise. This assessment focuses on discussing the methods to achieve harmonization of international commercial law and the reasons of many areas of commercial law remain unharmonised. Harmonisation Harmonisation, is a process which may result in unification of law subject to a number of (often utopian) conditions being fulfilled, such as, for example, wide or universal geographical acceptance of harmonising instruments, and with wide scope of harmonising instruments which effectively substitute all pre-existing law. Harmonising instruments have two objectives. The first purpose is unification of law and the second purpose is creating a law reform when the current law unable to deal with developing commercial practices. The harmonisation of commercial law is considered a key factor in reducing the cost of doing business as it provides the certainty and predictability for the parties of a contract in international transactions.[1] Methods of Harmonisation A considerable number of methods came out to achieve these goals. These methods are; legislative (conventions, model laws and model legislative or treaty provisions), explanatory (legislative guides and legal guides for use in legal practice), and contractual (standard contract clauses and rules)[2] International Treaties or Convention International treaties or conventions are binding forces and will be applied directly but they are not effective unless it ratified by the nations. Treaties or conventions which represents hard law methods of harmonisation are the primary instruments. They usually embody a uniform law. Due to the international treaty reservations the degree of the uniformity decrease. Interpretation differences or mistakes may be dangerous for the uniformity of international conventions. The rules of international convention would classify the law applicable to the controversy, and the judge would make the selection of the applicable law of the jurisdiction which is highly foreseeable, fair and adequate. Conventions provide certainty of law, flexibility and adaptability however, there are some arguments against conventions. Individual nations do not intent to negotiate conventions as an equal partners. Because of this sovereignty problem may arise in the context of international commercial regulations. The negotiation and drafting process of international conventions are slowly and expensive process. Worldwide impact of conventions on domestic law reform appears to be less important impact than model laws or other soft law instruments. It is assumed that conventions decrease the competition between legal systems and regulatory arrangements. Conventions are specific and fragmentary in character. They lack coherence and consistency. Delays in ratification of the convention means it may take for a long time before the convention comes into force. They still dont have ability to react changing circumstances. They may create issues about their scope. The subject of the courts are interpretation of the statutory law and there is no guarantee that harmonised law will be interpreted in harmonised manner. International conventions are hard to amend in instances requiring a place to economic change or progress of technology or practice. Rigidity of the conventions during the treaty making process and their lack of flexibility discourages nations from implementing to international conventions. They announce uncertainty that no uncertainty existed before. Some examples of harmonising conventions are Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods , the Geneva Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods, UN Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment. Model Laws Model laws are more flexible than treaties and have no legal force, so they have soft law character. Soft law, policy declarations, guidelines or codes of conduct that set standard of conduct and not directly enforceable. Therefore, they are advisory. Domestic legislation changed for international trade to provide solutions for the international transactions. The model laws are facultative harmonising instrument which are not legally operative. With or without amendment individual nations may adopt model laws entirely or partly. However, with respect to unification their use is limited as adopting countries are under no obligation either to apply the law or accept it without variation. Furthermore, model laws mainly benefit t those countries whose law is underdeveloped in the area covered by the model law.[3] Modern Laws are more appropriate for the unification and modernization of national laws. Flexibility of the modern laws makes them easier to negotiate than a text containing obligations can not be changed. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration is a good example for model law. Large amount of jurisdiction have adopted it. In the modern global environment it is very powerful motivation for harmonization. Especially, for the developing countries which are moving from mixed or planned economies to a free market economy. Another successful instance in the area of international commercial law is the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. Legislative Guides or Legal Guides They have soft law character. They can be very detailed but their effect is limited because of their non-binding nature. Governments and legislators are the users of legislative guides. Legislative guides are ideally suited to an organization like UNIDROIT. When it is not achievable or essential to develop set of rules, legislative guides may be an alternative for giving explanations in respect of contract drafting. International Business Practice Guides International business practice guides are addressed at professional and trade associations. Generally, guides are educational practices that discusses technical, economic and real background of legal problems. Also they explain and find available solutions for the legal concepts and concludes by making recommendations. International Trade Terms International trade terms promulgated by non-governmental organization. If they incorporated into a contract they can have the force of law. INCOTERMS rules codifying custom and usage such as the ICCs Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credits. This is, obviously, a reference to codifications and restatements by international scholars and practitioners such as UPICC and PECL.[4] Restatements Its addresses and potential users are not only contract drafters, but national and international legislators, arbitral tribunals and courts as well. Restatements of contract law promulgated by scholars and experts. They are advisory and they have soft law character. Principle of European Contract Law (PECL) Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) was published by the Lando Commission in 1995. This commission consisted on European contract law academics. It aims   to   produce   European   Commercial   Code.   Principles   are   more   limited   in   scope   and   they dont   have   legal   force.   However,   contracting   parties   may   agree   to   give   their   contracts   binding   effect   about   their   contract   subject.   Many   countries   followed   their   instructions   as   a   model   law   reform   project   and   parties   to   a contract   chose   them   to   govern   their   contract.   They   contributed   a   key   role   to   the   development   of   European   Contract   Law. Unidroit   Principles   of   International   Commercial   Contracts   (UPICC) UPICC   represents   the   legislative   codification   of   restatement   of   a   law   of   international   commercial   contract,   but   do   not   have   the   force   of   law.   They   offer   a   set   of   rules   produced   by   scholars,   which   cover   all   important   areas   of   general   contract   law   and   appear   to   be   a   resource   for   those   courts   and   arbitral   tribunals   who   find   them   helpful.[5] Although   these   principles   are   not   binding,   they   have   managed   to   earn   recognition   around   the   world,   in   academic   circles   and   practice.   UPICC   can   response   the   questions   that   not   covered   by   the   CISG.   These   are   would   be   fraud,   authority   of   agents,   third   party   rights   and   others.   UPICC   is   more   comprehensive   instrument   than   CISG.   UPICC   often   applied   as   a   gap   filler   to   interpret   and   supplement   law   instruments   and   specifically   the   CISG. Institutions Intergovernmental   and   non-governmental   agencies   have   been   involved   in   the   harmonisation   process. International   Institute   for   the   Unification   of   Private   Law   (UNIDROIT) UNIDROIT   is   an   intergovernmental   agency   that   interested   with   not   only   commercial   law   but   also   whole   private   law.   Management   of   researches   and   drafting   conventions   are   the   purposes   of   UNIDROIT.   UNIDROIT   has   produced   conventions   which   designed   to   operate   besides   the   Vienna   Convention   on   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods   and   covering   international   factoring,   international   finance   leasing   and   agency.   UNIDROIT   consists   of   General   Assembly,   the   Governing   Council   and   the   Secretariat.   UNIDROIT   put   into   use   to   enforcement   of   international   agreement   or   convention   that   requires   the   approval   of   its   member   countries. The   problem   is   tha t   trade   law   rules   different   from   one   state   to another.   It   produced  Ã‚   a   Hague   Convention   which   uniform   law   on   international   sales. United   Nations   Commission   of   International   Trade   Law   (UNCITRAL) UNCITRAL   is   an   intergovernmental   agency   that   promulgates   conventions,   model   laws   and   other   instruments.   Especially,   it   shapes   a   model   law   which   implements   to   international   commercial   arbitration   when   each   party   to   the   arbitration   has  Ã‚   its   place   of   business   in   a   different   country.   UNCITRAL   also   organizes   the   activities   of   the   different   agencies   involved   in  Ã‚   international   trade   law.   UNCITRAL   aims   to   help   remove   barriers   to   international   trade.   The   most   important   product   which   is   constituted   by   UNCITRAL   is   the   Vienna   Convention   On   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods.   It   aims   to   harmonise   the   rules   governing   the   design   of  Ã‚   rights   and   duties   under   international   sales   contract. The   difference   between   UNCITRAL   and   UNIDROIT   is   UNIDROIT   was   set   up   to   promote   the   dynamic   harmonisation   of   private   law   and   also   including   commercial   law   whereas   UNCITRAL   is   a   specialist   body   of   United   Nations   devoted   to   the   harmonisation   of   international   trade   law. International   Chamber   of   Commerce (ICC) ICC   which   has   an   non-governmental   body   promotes   trade   by   opening   markets   and   encouraging   the   flow   of   capital.   Having   a   non   law   producing   body,   ICC   deals   with   unifying   and   harmonising   commercial law   using   soft   law   methods.   Therefore,   ICC   does   not   focus   on   the   preparation   of   international   conventions   or model   laws.   ICC   promotes   uniform   trade   terms,   uniform   rules   and   model   forms   which   are   adopted   by   contracting   parties.   As   a   result   of   this   ICC   would   not   convenient   for   the   development   of   uniform   rules, preference of   competing   property   rights   or   the   jurisdiction   of   courts.   It   accomplishes   legal   studies   on   topic   and   provides    and   arbitration   service   for   disputes. It   represents   two   important   international   trading   instruments.   In   the   area   of   international   dispute   resolution   the   ICC   Court   of   International   Arbitration   is   a   leading   institutions.   These   are   INCOTERMS   and   The   Uniform   Customs and   Practice   for   Documentary   Credits.   They   do   not   have   any   legal  Ã‚   status   and   reach   their   legal   effect   through   contract..   INCOTERMS   sets   out   rights   and   duties   for   the   parties   of   international   contract.   ICC   rules   has   a   fairly   high   influence. New   Lex   Mercatoria New   lex   mercatoria   is   very   different   from   medieval   lex   mercatoria.   New   lex   mercatoria   can   be   derived   from   various   sources.   The   growth   of   international   trade   and   the   influence   of   mercantile   usage   have   led   several   influential   scholars   to   conclude   that   there   exist   a   body   of   uncodified   international   commercial law,   the   new   lex   mercatoria,   which   has   normative   force   in   its   own   right   and   is   dependent   neither   on   incorporation   by   contract   nor   on   adoption   by   legislation   or   judicial   reception   in   a   national   legal   system.[6] Now   both   professional   associations   and   legal   scholars are   working   for   the   codification   of   new   lex   mercatoria. It   is   suggested   that   new   lex   mercatoria   might   consist   of   international   trade   usages.   It   has   been   suggested   that   they   might   include   concepts   such   as   UNIDROIT   Principles   of   International   Commercial   Contracts   and   the   ICCs   Uniform   Custom   and   Practice   for   Documentary   Credits.[7] Reasons   of   Unharmonised There   may   be   some   obstacles   about   harmonisation   process   that   it   causes   international   commercial   law   to   remain   unharmonised.   These   obstacles   are   would   be   differences   in   political   view,   language   difficulties,   personality   clashes   and   one   sides   concern   about   another   side   that   taking   too   much   dominant   role. Harmonisation   is   lengthy,   slow   and   expensive   process.   Preparation   of   instruments   of   harmonization   requires   experience   of   the   time   and   hard   work.   This   is   also   correct   for   all   amendments   and   updates.   It   is   claimed   that   owing   to   the   trend   of   budgetary   constraints   cause   that   legal   harmonisation   may   lead   to   legal   fragmentation.   Economic   efficiency   needs   to   take   into   account. Sometimes   choosing   wrong   type   of   harmonising   instruments   is   also   another   reason   for   harmonisation   failure. Harmonising   efforts   have   limited   scope.   These   efforts   to   legislate   for   specific   topics ,   such   aspects   of   the   law   of   sale   or   unfair   contract   terms,   take   no   account   of   the   fact   that   the   treatment   of   such   topics   in   domestic   law   may   be   rooted   in   the   particular   legal   traditions   of   individual legal   systems.[8] Disparities   between   common   law   and   civil   law   traditions,   socialist   and   capitalist   systems   and   developed   and   developing   countries   creates   problem.   Differences   between   national   legal   systems   also   caused   international   commercial   law   to   remain   unharmonised.   Domestic   legal   systems   which   need   to   implement   the   harmonised   law   should   take into   account.   Although   the   approaches   to   contractual   interpretation   are   the   same,   the   exercise   in   practice   could   be   quite   contrary,   due   to   the   differences  Ã‚   between   civil   law   and   common   law   systems.   The   problem   is   distilliation   of   the   best   legal   rules   from   different   legal   systems   regardless   of   being   testedà ‚   in   the   laboratory   of   an   actual   system. International   contracts   that   considers   the   interests   of   both   parties,   needs   to   contribute   a   fair   balance   between   civil   law   and   common   law   systems   to   which   both   parties   belong   to.   Therefore,   it   is   difficult   to   provide   international   consensus. In   contract   law area   there   is   a   lack   political   support   of   harmonising   instruments   in   national   law. Some   scholars   have   argued   that   the   mere   existence   of   different   national   laws   is   a   reason   to   engage   in   harmonization   process.   Professor Stephan points out that divergences in national laws may cause legal   risk. In   his   view,   such   legal   risk   can   encourage   opportunism   by   commercial   parties   who   may,   for   instance,   race   to   litigate,   in   a   forum   that   will   suit   their   interests   in   case   something   goes   wrong   with   the   transaction.   One of the   pitfalls   of   the   existence   of  Ã‚   legal risk   is   that   at   the   dividing   line   between   risky and   non-risky   transactions   many   parties   may   desist   from   commercial.   Accordingly,   there   may   be   merit   in   reducing   legal risk   to   f oster.   commerce[9] However,   harmonisation   does   not   aim   to   bring   a   mechanical   lowering   of   risk.   It   may   optimize   the   risk,   rather   than   its   elimination. Domestic   law   is   capable   of   easy   amendment,   once   a   harmonised  Ã‚   instrument   has   been   accomplished,   signatories   are   locked   into   it   until   a   new   instrument   comes   into   force.   Unless   whole   individual   nations   adopt   the   new   instrument,   there   may   be   more   divergence   then   there   was   previously.   Harmonising   institutions   needs   to   deal   with   this   problem.   They   need   to   prevent   the   crystallization   of   harmonisation.   There   are   two   aspects   about this   problem.   First   of   all,   excessive   time   taken   to   create   international   legal   instruments.   Secondly,   it   is   excessively   takes   long   time   for   nations   to   ratify   the   harmonized   law. Many   lawyers   remain   doubtful   and   hostile   to   the   harmonisation   attempts.   Lawyers   and   legal   systems   are   unwilling   to   give   up   their   own   laws.   It   is   considered   by   them   that   their   own   laws   are   superior.   It   is   probably   they   also   scare   that   their   national   laws   would   lose   their   dominant   position. Due   to   the   differences   in national   laws   cross-border   transactions   are   limited.   Also   nations   which   have   a   strong   sense   of   superiority   of   their   own   laws   might   unwilling   to   changes   where   these   are   limited   to   transactions   between   businesses   in   different  Ã‚   states. Issues   of   sovereignty   may   arise   in   the   context   of   international   trade   regulation.   Also   some   language   difficulties   creates   obstacles   for   harmonisation   process.   Accurate   and   clear   drafting   is   very   important   to   prevent   misunderstandings.   Planning   and   management   project   of   harmonisation   process   is  Ã‚   not   easy.   Meetings   may   not   be   successful   to   make   essential   progress. Problems   with   Institutions There   are   some   arguments   about   harmonization   interests   the   very   nature   of   the   bodies   that   play   a   role   in   this   area.   These   institutions   are   bodies   of   experts   and   can   not   please   with   traditional   democratic   standards   imposed   on   national   legislatures.   They   are   not   accountable   like   national   bodies.   This   is   the   weakness   of   institutions.   Lobbies   and   interest   groups   may   influence   the   law   in   favour of   themselves.   The   less   powerful   ones   would   not   be   able   to   say   any   things   in   the   drafting   process   so,   international   conventions   and   legislatures   are   saddled   with   a   take   it   or   leave   it   options.   Duplication   of   efforts,   co-o rdination   of   work,   inconsistency   of   policy   and   waste   of   resources   are   the  Ã‚   other   problems   that   institutions   need   to   deal   with   during   the   legal   harmonisation   process. Conclusion The   harmonisation   of   international   commercial   law   does   not   completely   eliminate   conflicts   but   it   helps   to   reduce   them. A   proper   reform   of   our   commercial   law   requires   a   careful   study   of   developments   in   other   jurisdictions   in   both   civil   law   and   common   law.   It   is   assumed   that   perfect   harmonisation   is   not   an   achievable   target.   All   states   have   different   national   strategic   interests   therefore,   full   harmonisation   is   politically   impossible  Ã‚   in   certain   areas   of   law. Bibliography Books Goode, R. , Kronke, H. , McKendrick, E. , Transnational   Commercial   Law;   Text,   Cases   and   Materials,   1st   edn. , Oxford,   Oxford   University   Press,   2007 -Goode, R. , McKendrick, E. , Goode   On   Commercial   Law; Edited   And   Fully   Revised   By   Ewan   McKendrick,   4th   Edition,   Penguin   Books,   2010 -Bradgate, R. , Commercial   Law, Oxford,Oxford   University   Press,   2005 Journals -Mistelis, L. , Is Harmonisation a Necessary Evil? The Future of Harmonisation and New Sources of International Trade Law,   2001 Faria, J.A.E. ,   Future Directions of Legal Harmonisation and Law Reform : Stormy Seas or Prosperous Voyage? Unif.   Law   Rev,   2009 -Osborne, P.J. ,   Unification or Harmonisation: A Critical Analysis of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,  Ã‚   August 2006 Korzhevskaya, A. Do We Still Need a Convention In The Field Of Harmonisation Of The International Commercial Law ,   FESCO Transportation Group, (Moscow, Russia) 2014 Gopalan, S. , From Cape   Town   to   the   Hague: Harmonization   Has   Taken   Wing, August   2015 [1] L. Mistelis,   Is Harmonisation a Necessary Evil? The Future of Harmonisation and New Sources of International Trade Law,   2001,   p.4 [2] J.A.E Faria, Future   Directions   of   Legal   Harmonisation   and   Law   Reform : Stormy   Seas   or Prosperous   Voyage , 2009, p.8 [3] P.J. Osborne, A   Critical   Analysis   of   the   United   Nations   Convention   on   Contracts   for   the   International   Sale   of   Goods   1980,   August   2006,   p.6 [4] R.   Goode,   H. Kronke,   E. McKendrick,   Transnational   Commercial   Law; Text,   Cases   and   Materials, 1st   edn. , Oxford   University   Press,   2007,   p. 169 [5] A.Korzhevskaya, Do   We   Still   Need   a   Convention   In   The   Field   Of   Harmonisation   Of   The International   Commercial   Law,   FESCO   Transportation   Group   (Moscow, Russia) , 2014,   p.89 [6] Goode   and   E. McKendrick,   Goode   on   Commercial   Law,   Edited   and   Fully   Revised   by   Ewan   McKendrick,   4th   edn. , Penguin   Books,   p.20 [7] R. Bradgate,   Commercial   Law,   3rd   Edition,   Oxford   University   Press,   2005,   p.17 [8] R. Bradgate,   Commercial   Law,   3rd   Edition,   Oxford   University   Press,   2005,   p.17 [9] S. Gopalan,   From   Cape   Town   to   the   Hague: Harmonization   Has   Taken   Wing,   August   2015,   p.12